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A PRE-TEXT TO POSTMODERN PHILOSOPHY \u2013 PART 9
\nBy SHIKDAR MOHAMMED KIBRIAH<\/p>\n
Between Rousseau\u2019s Vision and the Legacy of Modern Philosophy: Did Shikdar Mohammed Kibriah Succeed in Conveying His Idea to the Reader?<\/p>\n
LITERARY\u2013PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
\nBy TAGHRID BOU MERHI, Lebanese\u2013Brazilian Poet and Translator<\/p>\n
This article on the thought of JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU offers an intense philosophical vision that goes beyond presenting ideas to explore the essence of the transformation this thinker brought to the history of human thought. A literary\u2013philosophical reading of the text reveals a wide space of questions raised by the author\u2014questions about knowledge, freedom, religion, and the limits of the state, while also highlighting the enduring influence of Rousseau in modern intellectual debates. The article does not treat Rousseau as a static historical figure, but rather as an intellectual voice still echoing through the cracks of the contemporary world, continually posing the same questions that have challenged the human mind: What is the source of truth? What are the roots of evil? How does a person rise upon the foundation of the self? And is knowledge a pure rational act, or a pulsating feeling at the core of the human being?<\/p>\n
In the deeper structure of the article, the author presents Rousseau as a human phenomenon attempting to redefine the relationship between the individual and the self, and between the individual and the world. Rousseau appears as someone carrying a flame ignited between emotion and reason, a flame belonging neither to strict rationalism nor to empirical sensualism. It belongs instead to a third realm, one that can be described as the realm of the \u201ccomplete human,\u201d where thought and feeling intertwine, and where sentiment becomes a genuine means of knowledge no less important than intellect. This vision returns us to the ancient philosophical question: Is the ability to think sufficient to establish knowledge? Or is knowledge an existential act that emerges only when the human being commits all the forces of existence to the discovery of truth?<\/p>\n
The article presents Rousseau through a lens that blends critique and analysis, revealing how he challenged the dominant assumptions of his era. He did not attack science and art out of hostility, but because he saw them as projects that had transformed into instruments of luxury, isolating human beings from their original nature and simple truth. His rejection is a rebellion against a counterfeit civilization, a civilization that severed humans from their spiritual roots and trapped them in a vortex of consumption, desire, and appearances, rather than a rejection of civilization itself. The article illuminates this idea in a way that allows the reader to sense that Rousseau\u2019s critique could be read today, in the twenty-first century, as though it were addressed to our contemporary lives in which technology expands, values diminish, and the distance between human beings and their inner selves grows.<\/p>\n
The text takes another philosophical path by shedding light on Rousseau\u2019s view of religion. Here emerges one of the most controversial concepts in his thought: natural religion. This concept, based on belief in God, the immortality of the soul, and free will does not appear in a theological context but in an ethical one that seeks to identify what enables humans to build a world governed by equality and freedom. The article succeeds in presenting this stance as a call for faith to become an inner experience rather than an institutional authority. Rousseau\u2019s criticism of established religions is therefore not a rejection of faith itself, but a rejection of how authority distorts it and transforms it into a tool of oppression rather than liberation. When read literarily, this idea becomes an inner call to return to faith as intuition rather than institution.<\/p>\n
The analysis does not stop at religion; it penetrates into the essence of freedom as understood by Rousseau. Free will is not merely a moral virtue but the turning point that distinguishes humans from all other beings. Rousseau\u2019s belief that thought is a free act and that the human being is \u201cthe author of his own thoughts,\u201d as the article conveys, turns knowledge into an act of creation rather than transmission. This literary\u2013philosophical dimension grants the text a notable existential energy, transforming the human being into a creator of the self, a writer of destiny, and a bearer of responsibility for one\u2019s vision of the world.<\/p>\n
The article also highlights the political dimension of Rousseau\u2019s thought, the most explosive and dangerous aspect of his philosophy. When the author dissects the concept of popular sovereignty and the people\u2019s right to revolution, he is not merely offering a lesson in political theory. He is touching on the open wound of human history: Who owns power? Who has the right to rule? When does governance turn into tyranny? And how does rebellion become an act of life rather than an act of violence? What distinguishes this analysis is its avoidance of rigid academic tone, presenting these questions with human sensitivity that makes the reader feel that Rousseau\u2019s ideas are part of our daily struggle with the world and with ourselves, not relics of a distant past.<\/p>\n
Culturally, the article portrays Rousseau as a conscience resisting the rise of materialism and moral atheism that emerged in his era and continues to spread in ours. The author succeeds in painting a portrait of a man standing alone against the forces of objectification and abstraction, calling humanity back to its inner truth through feeling, not through mechanical tools. This literary dimension is evident in the way the article connects Rousseau\u2019s influence to German thought and the Romantic movement, as if he were the spark that restored to humanity its right to feel after centuries of strict rationalism.<\/p>\n
The article contributes to the cultural sphere by reigniting the debate over the sources of knowledge: Where does truth come from? From reason alone? From sensory experience? From the heart? The text seems inclined toward Rousseau\u2019s holistic view of the human being, not as a mind detached from body and soul, but as an integrated unity. From this angle, the article becomes part of the philosophical conversation about postmodernism, which in many ways rejects singularity, embraces plurality, and questions the centrality of pure reason.<\/p>\n
Perhaps the article\u2019s greatest value lies in what is hidden between its lines: the idea that the human being is not a mere abstract intellect, nor a fleeting impulse, nor a machine of production. Human existence is a journey, a quest for meaning through a constellation of sensations, thoughts, and emotions. Through this literary\u2013philosophical rereading of Rousseau, the author restores the reader\u2019s connection with the deepest questions one can ask: How do I know? Why do I believe? What makes life worth living?<\/p>\n
In this sense, the article becomes an important cultural contribution not for the information it presents about Rousseau, but for the intellectual spark it ignites. It reopens the ancient wounds of philosophy and reminds us that truth is not a destination but a journey. If Rousseau restored to humanity its right to feel, then this article restores to the reading of Rousseau its right to contemplation, transforming his thought into a living force that moves within the contemporary cultural sphere and gives it a human depth beyond time and place.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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